REPORTED SPEECH (MOWA ZALEŻNA)
1. REPORTED STATEMENTS
| DIRECT: | REPORTED: |
|---|---|
| ‘He is French.’ | He said (that) he was French. |
| ‘We’re having fun.’ | They said (that) they were having fun. |
| ‘They arrived on Tuesday.’ | I told her (that) they had arrived on Tuesday. |
| ‘I’ve found my purse.’ | She said (that) she have found her purse. |
| ‘We’ll leave on Sunday.’ | They told me (that) they would leave on Sunday. |
| ‘I can’t wait.’ | She told us (that) she couldn’t wait. |
| TENSE CHANGES | OTHER CHANGES |
|---|---|
| PRESENT CONTINOUS → PAST CONTINOUS | TODAY → THAT DAY |
| PRESENT SIMPLE → PAST SIMPLE | TONIGT → THAT NIGHT |
| PAST SIMPLE → PAST PERFECT | TOMORROW → THE NEXT DAY |
| PRESENT PERFECT → PAST PERFECT | YESTERDAY → THE DAY BEFORE |
| CAN/WILL/MAY → COULD/WOULD/MIGHT | AGO → BEFORE |
| LAST WEEK → THE WEEK BEFORE | |
| NEXT WEEK → THE FOLLOWING WEEK | |
| THIS/THAT → THE | |
| THIS MORNING → THAT MORNING | |
| HERE → THERE |
ZASADY
- Czasownik wprowadzający występuje w czasie przeszłym, np.: said lub told.
- Spójnik that można pominąć.
- Po tell zawsze występuje rzeczownik lub zaimek osobowy, np.: He told her... lub He told Susie... .
Stosując say, musisz użyć to, jeśli chcesz wskazać do kogo zwraca się mówiący, np.: He said to Susie that...
- Jeśli czasownik wprowadzający występuje w czasie teraźniejszym, np.: say(s), tell(s) lub doesn’t/don’t say, w zdaniu podrzędnym nie następuje zmiana czasów np.: She says that she is hungry.
2. REPORTED QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS
| DIRECT: | REPORTED: |
|---|---|
| ‘What’s your telephone number?’ | He asked her what her telephone number was. |
| ‘Where do you work?’ | He asked her where she worked. |
| ‘When did you arrive?’ | He asked her when she had arrived. |
| ‘Where have you left your bags?’ | He asked her where she had left her bags. |
YES/NO QUESTIONS
| DIRECT: | REPORTED: |
|---|---|
| ‘Do you like your job?’ | He asked her if she liked her job. |
| ‘Did you go to Sue’s party?’ | He asked her if she had gone to Sue’s party. |
| ‘Will you speak to Sam?’ | He asked her if she would speak to Sam. |
| ‘Can I get you a drink?’ | He asked her if he could get her a drink. |
| ‘Have you bought a ticket?’ | He asked her if she had bought a ticket. |
ZASADY
- Zmiany czasów w pytaniach są takie same jak w zdaniach twierdzących.
- W pytaniach typu Wh- stosujemy pytajnik Wh- + podmiot + formę oznajmującą czasownika.
- W pytaniach typu yes/no stosujemy if + podmiot + formę oznajmującą czasownika.
3. REPORTED REQUEST AND COMMANDS
POSITIVE:
| DIRECT: | REPORTED: |
|---|---|
| ‘Please help me.’ | She wanted me to help her. |
| ‘Please give me a lift.’ | She asked me to give her a lift. |
| ‘Drive carefully. | She told me to drive carefully. |
NEGATIVE
| DIRECT: | REPORTED: |
|---|---|
| ‘Don’t leave.’ | He didn’t want me to leave. |
| ‘Please don’t tell anyone.’ | He asked me not to tell anyone. |
| ‘Don’t go too fast.’ | He told me not to go too fast. |
ZASADY
Chcąc przekazać informacje o prośbie lub poleceniu, stosujemy czasownik tell, ask lub want, po nich dopełnienie, a dalej bezokolicznik z to.
4. VERBS OF REPORTING
Oprócz say, tell czy ask możemy używać wiele innych czasowników. Oto niektóre z nich:
VERB + OJECT + INFINITIVE.
advise remind
ask tell
persuade warn
He advised me to leave at once.
He warned me not to stay.
VERB + TWO OBJECTS.
introduce
offer
She introduced her husband to me.
He offered me a cofee.
VERB + INFINITIVE.
agree refuse
promise
They agreed to come.
VERB + THAT + CLAUSE.
say explain
I explained that I wasn’t feeling well.
VERB + ING FORM.
suggest
He suggested meeting at the rink.
VERB + PREPOSITION + ING FORM
apologise
He apologised for being rude
VERB + OBJECT
accept
refuse
I accepted the invitation.
